What does a p-value actually represent?
- A The probability of observing data at least as extreme, assuming the null hypothesis is true
- B The probability the null hypothesis is true
- C The probability the result is a fluke
- D The size of the effect
Answer
The probability of observing data at least as extreme, assuming the null hypothesis is true
It says nothing about the magnitude or importance of the effect, which is why effect size should always be reported alongside.





