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Machine learning interviews reward methodology over algorithm knowledge. Expect questions on the bias-variance trade-off, why accuracy fails on imbalanced data, precision and recall trade-offs, cross-validation and why time series and grouped data need different splitting, regularisation, bagging versus boosting, and feature engineering. Data leakage and production monitoring are heavily probed, because they are where applied projects most often fail. The questions below cover the fundamentals and the deployment realities.

Machine Learning MCQ

1.Which learning paradigm uses labelled training examples?

2.Which of these is an unsupervised learning task?

3.A model performs well on training data but poorly on validation data. What is this?

4.A model performs poorly on both training and validation data. What is the likely problem?

5.Why is accuracy a poor metric for a dataset that is 99% negative?

6.What does recall measure?

7.What does precision measure?

8.Which metric is generally more informative than ROC-AUC on heavily imbalanced data?

9.What is data leakage?

10.Which practice prevents train-test contamination during preprocessing?

11.Why is standard k-fold cross-validation inappropriate for time series data?

12.What is the purpose of a separate test set in addition to a validation set?

13.What does L1 (Lasso) regularisation do that L2 (Ridge) does not?

14.Why must features be scaled before applying L1 or L2 regularisation?

15.What is the difference between bagging and boosting?

16.What additional randomisation does Random Forest apply beyond bootstrap sampling?

17.Which approach is generally strongest for tabular business data?

18.Which hyperparameter most directly controls overfitting in gradient boosting?

19.What does the bias-variance trade-off describe?

20.Which technique handles class imbalance by adjusting the loss function?

21.What does SMOTE do?

22.What does one-hot encoding do to a categorical variable?

23.Why must target encoding be computed within cross-validation folds?

24.Before imputing a missing value, what is the most important thing to establish?

25.Should outliers always be removed from a dataset?

26.What is the purpose of principal component analysis?

27.What is the elbow method used for in k-means clustering?

28.What is a confusion matrix?

29.What does the classification threshold control?

30.What is concept drift?

31.Why is monitoring input and prediction distributions important in production?

32.What is train-serve skew?

33.What is a baseline model used for?

34.What does the F1 score represent?

35.What is the purpose of feature importance or SHAP values?

36.When is machine learning the wrong tool for a problem?

37.What is self-supervised learning?

38.What does the learning rate control in gradient descent?

39.What is the purpose of dropout in a neural network?

40.What is stratified k-fold cross-validation?

41.Why should grouped data such as multiple rows per customer use group-aware splitting?

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